Función renal residual en enfermos tratados con diálisis peritoneal: repercusión de los episodios de peritonitis / Residual renal function in patients on peritoneal dialysis: effect of peritonitis episodes

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Progression of residual renal function with an increase in dialysis: haemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the study was to analyse the progression of residual renal function according to the dialysis technique (peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis) and the frequency of treatment (two or three sessions of haemodialysis per week). As secondary objectives, we studied the progression of the serum concentration levels of ß2 microglobulin and the response of anaemia to erythropoietic agents. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 193 non-anuric patients were included and began renal replacement therapy with dialysis in our hospital between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2011, with a follow-up period of over three months. 61 patients (32%) began treatment with two haemodialysis sessions per week, 49 patients (25%) with three haemodialysis sessions per week and 83 patients (43%) with peritoneal dialysis. The glomerular filtration rate was measured as the mean of the renal clearances of urea and creatinine. RESULTS: The rate of decrease in glomerular filtration was the same in patients who began treatment with two haemodialysis sessions per week and with peritoneal dialysis (median 0.18 ml/min/month) and it was higher in patients who began treatment with three sessions of haemodialysis per week (median 0.33 ml/min/month, P<.05). Throughout progression, the glomerular filtration rate did not display differences between the group that began with two weekly sessions of haemodialysis and the group on peritoneal dialysis, and it was lower in the group that began treatment with three sessions of haemodialysis per week with statistical significance during the first 24 months of follow up. In the three patient groups, ß2-microglobulin concentration increased as the glomerular filtration rate decreased and it was higher in the group on three weekly haemodialysis sessions for the first 12 months of follow up. In all the controls carried out, there was a negative correlation between the beta-2 microglobulin concentration and the glomerular filtration rate (P<.001). The erythropoietin dose was negatively related to glomerular filtration. Patients who began with two sessions of haemodialysis per week required a lower dose of erythropoietin than patients that began renal replacement therapy with three weekly sessions. The erythropoietin dose in the peritoneal dialysis group was below that of the group of two weekly haemodialysis sessions despite maintaining a similar glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who begin treatment with two sessions of haemodialysis per week experience the same rate of decrease in residual renal function as patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. The progression of the concentration of ß2-microglobulin is parallel to that of the glomerular filtration rate. Patients treated with two haemodialysis sessions require a lower dose of erythropoietin than those who receive three sessions per week, but a significantly higher dose than those treated with peritoneal dialysis, which suggests that the response of anaemia to erythropoietic agents is not only related to residual renal function, but also to other factors that are inherent to the dialysis technique.

Evolución de la función renal residual con una pauta incremental de diálisis: hemodiálisis frente a diálisis peritoneal / Progression of residual renal function with an increase in dialysis: haemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis

OBJETIVO: El objetivo principal del estudio es el análisis de la evolución de la función renal residual según la técnica de diálisis (diálisis peritoneal o hemodiálisis) y la frecuencia del tratamiento (dos o tres sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana). Como objetivos secundarios hemos estudiado la evolución de la concentración sérica de β2-microglobulina y la respuesta de la anemia a los agentes eritropoyéticos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron 193 enfermos no anúricos, que comenzaron tratamiento renal sustitutivo con diálisis en nuestro hospital entre el 1 de enero de 2006 y el 31 de diciembre de 2011, y tuvieron un seguimiento superior a tres meses. De ellos, 61 enfermos (32 %) iniciaron tratamiento con dos sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana, 49 enfermos (25 %) con tres sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana y 83 enfermos (43 %) con diálisis peritoneal. Se midió el filtrado glomerular como la media de los aclaramientos renales de urea y creatinina. RESULTADOS: El ritmo de descenso del filtrado glomerular fue igual en los enfermos que comenzaron tratamiento con la pauta de dos sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana y con diálisis peritoneal (mediana 0,18 ml/min/mes) y fue superior en los enfermos que iniciaron tratamiento con tres sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana (mediana 0,33 ml/min/mes, p < 0,05). A lo largo de toda la evolución, la tasa de filtrado glomerular no mostró diferencias entre el grupo que comenzó con dos sesiones semanales de hemodiálisis y el grupo de diálisis peritoneal, y fue inferior en el grupo que comenzó tratamiento con tres sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana con significación estadística durante los primeros 24 meses de seguimiento. En los tres grupos de enfermos la concentración de β2-microglobulina fue aumentando conforme disminuía el filtrado glomerular y fue más elevada en el grupo de tres sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana durante los primeros 12 meses de seguimiento. En todos los controles realizados hubo una correlación negativa entre la concentración de β2-microglobulina y el filtrado glomerular (p < 0,001). La dosis de eritropoyetina se relacionó negativamente con el filtrado glomerular. Los enfermos que comenzaron con dos sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana necesitaron una dosis menor de eritropoyetina que los enfermos que iniciaron tratamiento renal sustitutivo con tres sesiones a la semana. La dosis de eritropoyetina en el grupo de diálisis peritoneal fue inferior a la del grupo de dos hemodiálisis a la semana, a pesar de mantener un filtrado glomerular similar. CONCLUSIONES: Los enfermos que comienzan tratamiento con dos sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana experimentan el mismo ritmo de descenso de la función renal residual que los enfermos tratados con diálisis peritoneal. La evolución de la concentración de β2-microglobulina es paralela a la del filtrado glomerular. Los enfermos tratados con dos sesiones de hemodiálisis necesitan una dosis de eritropoyetina menor que los que reciben tres sesiones a la semana, pero significativamente superior a la de los enfermos tratados con diálisis peritoneal, lo cual indica que la respuesta de la anemia a los agentes eritropoyéticos no solo está relacionada con la función renal residual, sino también con otros factores inherentes a la técnica de diálisis

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the study was to analyse the progression of residual renal function according to the dialysis technique (peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis) and the frequency of treatment (two or three sessions of haemodialysis per week). As secondary objectives, we studied the progression of the serum concentration levels of β2 microglobulin and the response of anaemia to erythropoietic agents. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 193 non-anuric patients were included and began renal replacement therapy with dialysis in our hospital between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2011, with a follow-up period of over three months. 61 patients (32%) began treatment with two haemodialysis sessions per week, 49 patients (25%) with three haemodialysis sessions per week and 83 patients (43%) with peritoneal dialysis. The glomerular filtration rate was measured as the mean of the renal clearances of urea and creatinine. RESULTS: The rate of decrease in glomerular filtration was the same in patients who began treatment with two haemodialysis sessions per week and with peritoneal dialysis (median 0.18ml/min/month) and it was higher in patients who began treatment with three sessions of haemodialysis per week (median 0.33 ml/min/month, P<.05). Throughout progression, the glomerular filtration rate did not display differences between the group that began with two weekly sessions of haemodialysis and the group on peritoneal dialysis, and it was lower in the group that began treatment with three sessions of haemodialysis per week with statistical significance during the first 24 months of follow up. In the three patient groups, β2- microglobulin concentration increased as the glomerular filtration rate decreased and it was higher in the group on three weekly haemodialysis sessions for the first 12 months of follow up. In all the controls carried out, there was a negative correlation between the β-2 microglobulin concentration and the glomerular filtration rate (P<.001). The erythropoietin dose was negatively related to glomerular filtration. Patients who began with two sessions of haemodialysis per week required a lower dose of erythropoietin than patients that began renal replacement therapy with three weekly sessions. The erythropoietin dose in the peritoneal dialysis group was below that of the group of two weekly haemodialysis sessions despite maintaining a similar glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who begin treatment with two sessions of haemodialysis per week experience the same rate of decrease in residual renal function as patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. The progression of the concentration of β2-microglobulin is parallel to that of the glomerular filtration rate. Patients treated with two haemodialysis sessions require a lower dose of erythropoietin than those who receive three sessions per week, but a significantly higher dose than those treated with peritoneal dialysis, which suggests that the response of anaemia to erythropoietic agents is not only related to residual renal function, but also to other factors that are inherent to the dialysis technique

Mantenimiento de la función renal residual en hemodiálisis: experiencia de 5 años de una pauta de diálisis incremental / Maintaining residual renal function in patients on haemodialysis: 5-year experience using a progressively increasing dialysis regimen

Introducción: A diferencia de los pacientes tratados con diálisis peritoneal, la programación de una dosis incremental de diálisis no se considera en el enfermo tratado con hemodiálisis (HD) periódica, ni tampoco es habitual tener en cuenta la función renal residual en el cálculo de la dosis total de diálisis, asumiéndose como tal la proporcionada exclusivamente por el aclaramiento del dializador. A partir del año 2006 decidimos establecer una pauta incremental de diálisis al inicio del tratamiento renal sustitutivo, valorando la posibilidad de comenzar con 2 HD/semana cuando el aclaramiento renal de urea fuera igual o superior a 2,5 ml/min. En el presente trabajo presentamos nuestra experiencia de los primeros 5 años de aplicación de esta pauta incremental de HD y su repercusión sobre la función renal residual. Metodología: Se han incluido a todos los enfermos que iniciaron tratamiento con HD periódica entre el 1/1/2006 y el 30/9/2010, y permanecieron en diálisis más de tres meses. El seguimiento de los enfermos finalizó el 31/12/2010 (fecha de cierre del estudio). Cuando un enfermo inicia HD se determina el aclaramiento de urea y creatinina con las concentraciones de urea y creatinina en una muestra de sangre obtenida antes de la diálisis y (..) (AU)

Introduction: In contrast to patients treated with peritoneal dialysis, those on periodical haemodialysis (HD) do not receive programmed progressive increases in dialysis dosage, nor is residual renal function taken into account in the calculation of the total dialysis prescription; rather, only dialyser clearance is factored into the equation. In 2006, we decided to establish a progressively increasing dialysis regimen at the start of renal replacement therapy, evaluating the possibility of starting with 2 sessions of HD/week when renal clearance of urea was equal to or greater than 2.5ml/min. This study summarises our experience during the first 5 years of application of this progressively increasing HD prescription and its repercussions on residual renal function. Methods: We included all patients who started periodical HD between 1/1/2006 and 30/9/2010 and remained on dialysis for more than three months. The follow-up period ended on 31/12/2010 (study end date). When a patient started HD, urea and creatinine clearance levels were measured based on urea and creatinine concentrations in blood samples taken before dialysis and in urine samples taken 24 hours prior to starting the first dialysis session of the week. If urea clearance was equal to or greater than 2.5ml/min, 2 sessions of HD per week were applied, as long as the patient's clinical situation allowed for it (according to the criteria of the attending physician). Residual renal function was analysed every 2 months until diuresis was less than 100ml/day, which is considered to be basically null. We evaluated the decrease in residual renal function, calculating the rate of decrease in (..) (AU)

Maintaining residual renal function in patients on haemodialysis: 5-year experience using a progressively increasing dialysis regimen.

INTRODUCTION: In contrast to patients treated with peritoneal dialysis, those on periodical haemodialysis (HD) do not receive programmed progressive increases in dialysis dosage, nor is residual renal function taken into account in the calculation of the total dialysis prescription; rather, only dialyser clearance is factored into the equation. In 2006, we decided to establish a progressively increasing dialysis regimen at the start of renal replacement therapy, evaluating the possibility of starting with 2 sessions of HD/week when renal clearance of urea was equal to or greater than 2.5 ml/min. This study summarises our experience during the first 5 years of application of this progressively increasing HD prescription and its repercussions on residual renal function. METHODS: We included all patients who started periodical HD between 1/1/2006 and 30/9/2010 and remained on dialysis for more than three months. The follow-up period ended on 31/12/2010 (study end date). When a patient started HD, urea and creatinine clearance levels were measured based on urea and creatinine concentrations in blood samples taken before dialysis and in urine samples taken 24 hours prior to starting the first dialysis session of the week. If urea clearance was equal to or greater than 2.5 ml/min, 2 sessions of HD per week were applied, as long as the patient's clinical situation allowed for it (according to the criteria of the attending physician). Residual renal function was analysed every 2 months until diuresis was less than 100ml/day, which is considered to be basically null. We evaluated the decrease in residual renal function, calculating the rate of decrease in glomerular filtration (ml/min/month) and 24-hour diuresis (ml/month) in patients receiving 2 and 3 HD sessions per week. In January 2010, we took a cross-sectional sample, evaluating glomerular filtration and how this value was associated with various clinical and laboratory parameters in patients receiving 2 or 3 dialysis sessions per week. RESULTS: During the study period, 95 patients were included in the study, 41 of which (43%) started with 2 HD sessions per week, and 54 (57%) with 3 sessions per week. The mean time that patients remained on the 2HD sessions/week regimen was 11.1 ± 7.2 months (range: 2-25 months). Of the 41 patients that started with 2 HD sessions/week, 10 received a transplant while on the treatment regimen, 1 was transferred to peritoneal dialysis, 6 recovered renal function and were able to abandon dialysis treatment, 15 were switched to the 3 HD sessions/week regimen, and 9 continued on the 2 HD sessions/week regimen at the time the study ended. Of the 15 patients that were switched to the 3 HD sessions/week regimen, 4 received transplants, 3 died, and the remaining 8 continued on HD until the end of the study. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients who started on the 2 HD sessions/week regimen had a greater survival rate (log-rank: 3.964; P=.04). Losses in both glomerular filtration rate and 24-hour diuresis were lower in patients on the 2 HD sessions/week regimen: 0.22 ± 0.36 ml/min/month vs 0.89 ± 1.26 ml/min/month for glomerular filtration (P=.001), and 90.59 ± 132 ml/month vs 206.23 ± 286 ml/month for 24-hour diuresis (P=.001), respectively. In the cross-sectional sample taken in January 2010, 17 patients were on the 2 HD sessions/week regimen and 47 were on the 3 HD sessions/week regimen. Serum concentrations of ß2-microglobulin were significantly lower in the 2 HD sessions/week group (19.7 ± 5 vs 38.3 ± 13; P=.000). The mean haemoglobin concentration was similar between the two groups, with a significantly lower dose required of erythropoietin in patients on the 2 HD sessions/week regimen (7058 ± 3749 units/week vs 12 553 ± 10 826 units/week; P=.037). CONCLUSION: In select populations, the start of HD can be administered on a progressively increasing dosage, starting with two sessions/week. In our experience, this is a safe prescription that probably contributes to preserving residual renal function.

Análisis de concordancia entre la bioimpedancia vectorial y la espectroscópica / Analysis of concordance between the bioelectrical impedance vector analysis and the bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy in haemodialysis patients

Introducción: Los valores de los compartimentos corporales proporcionados por los dos sistemas de bioimpedancia más utilizados en España (bioimpedancia de monofrecuencia vectorial [BIVA] y bioimpedancia multifrecuencia espectroscópica [BIS]) son diferentes y no pueden intercambiarse. Objetivo: Analizar si la variabilidad intermétodo es debida a la diferente lectura de las variables bioeléctricas realizadas por los monitores o a las ecuaciones utilizadas por cada uno de ellos para el cálculo de los volúmenes y masas corporales. Otro objetivo fue comprobar si, a pesar de la variabilidad intermétodo, la clasificación de los estados de hidratación definidos por ambos monitores es concordante. Material y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. En 54 enfermos tratados con hemodiálisis se hizo un análisis de bioimpedancia con los monitores BIVA y BIS inmediatamente antes de una sesión de diálisis. En 38 de ellos se repitió el estudio con el monitor BIVA al finalizar la misma sesión de diálisis. Resultados: Los datos de resistencia y ángulo de fase proporcionados por el monitor BIVA y por el monitor BIS a la frecuencia de 50 kHz son concordantes. En el caso de la resistencia, la variabilidad es de 1,3%, y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase, de 0,99. Para el ángulo de fase, la variabilidad es del 11,5%, y el coeficiente de (..) (AU)

Introduction: The values of body composition provided by the two most commonly used bioelectrical impedance systems in Spain, single-frequency bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (SF-BIVA) and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (MF-BIS) are different and not comparable. Objective: Analyse whether the inter-method variability is due to bioelectrical variables measured by the different monitors, or rather due to the equations used to calculate body volume and mass. Another objective was to determine whether, despite the inter-method variability, the classification of hydration status by the two methods is consistent. Material and Methods: Bioelectrical impedance was measured by SF-BIVA and MF-BIS immediately before a dialysis session in 54 patients on haemodialysis. In 38 patients, the study was repeated by SF-BIVA at the end of the same dialysis session. Results: Resistance and phase angle values provided by the two monitors at a frequency of 50kHz were consistent. For resistance, variability was 1.3% and the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.99. For phase angle, variability and the intra-class correlation coefficient were 11.5% and 0.92, respectively. The volume values (..) (AU)

Analysis of concordance between the bioelectrical impedance vector analysis and the bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy in haemodialysis patients.

INTRODUCTION: The values of body composition provided by the two most commonly used bioelectrical impedance systems in Spain, single-frequency bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (SF-BIVA) and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (MF-BIS) are different and not comparable. OBJECTIVE: Analyse whether the inter-method variability is due to bioelectrical variables measured by the different monitors, or rather due to the equations used to calculate body volume and mass. Another objective was to determine whether, despite the inter-method variability, the classification of hydration status by the two methods is consistent. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bioelectrical impedance was measured by SF-BIVA and MF-BIS immediately before a dialysis session in 54 patients on haemodialysis. In 38 patients, the study was repeated by SF-BIVA at the end of the same dialysis session. RESULTS: Resistance and phase angle values provided by the two monitors at a frequency of 50kHz were consistent. For resistance, variability was 1.3% and the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.99. For phase angle, variability and the intra-class correlation coefficient were 11.5% and 0.92, respectively. The volume values for total body water, extracellular water, fat mass and body cell mass were biased, with a level of variability that would not be acceptable in clinical practice. The intra-class correlation coefficient also suggested a poor level of agreement. SF-BIVA systems define overhydration or dehydration as a vector below or above the tolerance ellipse of 75% on the longitudinal axis. MF-BIS uses two criteria for pre-dialysis hyper-hydration: overhydration (OH) greater than 2.5 litres, or greater than 15% of extracellular water. The degree of equivalence with the results of the SF-BIVA monitor was better with the second criterion (kappa: 0.81, excellent agreement) than with the first one (kappa: 0.71, acceptable agreement). The MF-BIS system defines post-dialysis normal hydration as a difference between OH and ultrafiltratation volume between ­1.1 and 1.1 litres and agreement with the SF-BIVA system for this parameter was acceptable (weighted kappa index: 0.64). CONCLUSIONS: The MF-BIS and SF-BIVA systems provide similar readings for bioelectrical parameters, and the wide variation in the quantification of volume and body mass must be attributed to the different equations used for calculation. Furthermore, the criteria used by both systems to define both pre- and post-dialysis hydration have an acceptable level of equivalence.

Recuperación de la función renal en enfermos tratados con hemodiálisis / Recovery of renal function in patients receiving haemodialysis treatment

En este trabajo revisamos los casos que hemos observado en los últimos diez años de enfermos tratados con hemodiálisis periódica que han recuperado la función renal en cuantía suficiente para poder interrumpir dicho tratamiento. Durante el período de estudio, 218 enfermos comenzaron tratamiento con hemodiálisis periódica en nuestro hospital y precisaron diálisis durante más de 90 días. En 17 de ellos (8%), se pudo interrumpir la diálisis, tras haber permanecido en ella un tiempo que osciló entre 95 y 529 días. La probabilidad de recuperación de la función renal fue mayor en los enfermos con nefropatía intersticial crónica (p = 0,04) o con enfermedades autoinmunes (p = 0,07), y en los que comenzaron tratamiento renal sustitutivo con dos sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana (p = 0,02). No hemos observado diferencias significativas en edad, género, filtrado glomerular al inicio del tratamiento con hemodiálisis o índice de comorbilidad. Siete enfermos volvieron a precisar tratamiento con hemodiálisis tras un período de tiempo sin ella de 11 ± 7 meses. Dos enfermos fallecieron por motivos no atribuibles al tratamiento de la insuficiencia renal y otro salió del estudio por traslado a otro hospital tras haber permanecido 35 meses sin diálisis. Los 14 enfermos restantes están vivos y 8 permanecen libres de diálisis, con un tiempo de evolución que oscila entre 13 y 106 meses. Concluimos que la función renal residual no tiene por qué deteriorarse de forma inexorable tras el inicio de tratamiento con hemodiálisis, y que la posibilidad de recuperación funcional es factible en algunos enfermos (AU)

The aim of this study was to review all cases of recovery of renal function in chronic haemodialysis patients, observed in the last ten years. During the study period, 218 chronic renal failure patients were managed on haemodialysis for a minimum of 90 days. In 17 cases (8%), it was possible to interrupt dialysis after 95 to 529 days. The probability of renal function recovery was higher in patients with chronic interstitial nephritis (P=.04) or autoimmune diseases (P=.07), as well as in those starting haemodialysis treatment at a frequency of two sessions per week (P=.02). No significant differences in age, gender, glomerular filtration rate at the beginning of haemodialysis treatment, or comorbidity rate were observed. Seven patients returned to haemodialysis treatment after a dialysis-free period of 11±7 months. Two patients died for reasons unrelated to renal failure treatment, and another patient was moved to another hospital following 35 months without dialysis. The other 14 patients are alive and 8 are dialysis-free, with a monitoring period of 13 to 106 months. The conclusion reached is that there is no reason why residual kidney function should inexorably worsen after the start of haemodialysis treatment, and that functional recovery is possible in some patients (AU)

Recovery of renal function in patients receiving haemodialysis treatment.

The aim of this study was to review all cases of recovery of renal function in chronic haemodialysis patients, observed in the last ten years. During the study period, 218 chronic renal failure patients were managed on haemodialysis for a minimum of 90 days. In 17 cases (8%), it was possible to interrupt dialysis after 95 to 529 days. The probability of renal function recovery was higher in patients with chronic interstitial nephritis (P=.04) or autoimmune diseases (P=.07), as well as in those starting haemodialysis treatment at a frequency of two sessions per week (P=.02). No significant differences in age, gender, glomerular filtration rate at the beginning of haemodialysis treatment, or comorbidity rate were observed. Seven patients returned to haemodialysis treatment after a dialysis-free period of 11 +/- 7 months. Two patients died for reasons unrelated to renal failure treatment, and another patient was moved to another hospital following 35 months without dialysis. The other 14 patients are alive and 8 are dialysis-free, with a monitoring period of 13 to 106 months. The conclusion reached is that there is no reason why residual kidney function should inexorably worsen after the start of haemodialysis treatment, and that functional recovery is possible in some patients.

Neurotoxicidad por aciclovir-valaciclovir en enfermos con insuficiencia renal / Acyclovir and valacyclovir neurotoxicity in patients with renal failure

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